Fahimtar aunawa da sarrafa fasaha da fasahar kayan aiki

Aunawa da sarrafa fasaha da kayan aiki shine ka'ida da fasaha wanda ke nazarin saye da sarrafa bayanai da sarrafa abubuwan da ke da alaƙa."Ma'auni da fasaha na fasaha da kayan aiki" yana nufin hanyoyi da kayan aiki don tattara bayanai, aunawa, ajiya, watsawa, sarrafawa da sarrafawa, ciki har da fasahar ma'auni, fasahar sarrafawa, da kayan aiki da tsarin da ke aiwatar da waɗannan fasahohin.

Aunawa da Fasahar Sarrafa
Aunawa da fasaha na sarrafawa da kayan aiki sun dogara ne akan injunan injuna, fasahar lantarki, na'urorin gani, sarrafawa ta atomatik da fasahar kwamfuta.Ya fi yin nazarin sababbin ƙa'idodi, hanyoyi da matakai daban-daban na ingantattun gwaje-gwaje da fasahar sarrafawa.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, fasahar kwamfuta ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin binciken aikace-aikacen ma'auni da fasahar sarrafawa.
Aunawa da fasaha fasaha ce ta aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da ita kai tsaye ga samarwa da rayuwa, kuma aikace-aikacenta ya shafi fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar zamantakewa kamar "nauyin noma, teku, ƙasa da iska, abinci da sutura".Fasahar kayan aiki ita ce "mai yawa" na tattalin arzikin ƙasa, "jami'i na farko" na binciken kimiyya, "ikon yaƙi" a cikin soja, da "alkali mai kayan aiki" a cikin dokokin doka.Na'urar gwaji da sarrafa na'ura mai kwakwalwa da fasaha mai hankali da daidaitattun ma'auni da na'urori masu sarrafawa da tsarin su ne muhimman alamomi da hanyoyi a fagen samar da masana'antu da noma na zamani, bincike na kimiyya da fasaha, gudanarwa, dubawa da sa ido, kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa.

Aikace-aikacen Fasahar Aunawa da Sarrafa da Fasahar Kayan Aiki
Aunawa da fasaha fasaha ce da ake amfani da ita, wacce ake amfani da ita sosai a fannoni daban-daban na masana'antu, noma, sufuri, kewayawa, jiragen sama, soja, wutar lantarki da rayuwar jama'a.Tare da haɓaka fasahar samarwa, ma'auni da fasaha na sarrafawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fasahar sarrafawa tun daga farkon sarrafa guda ɗaya da kayan aikinta, da sarrafa tsarin gaba ɗaya, har ma da tsarin, musamman a cikin fasahar zamani na zamani. a fannin kimiyya da fasaha na zamani.
A cikin masana'antar ƙarfe, aikace-aikacen ma'auni da fasaha na sarrafawa sun haɗa da: sarrafa wutar lantarki mai zafi, sarrafa caji da sarrafa wutar lantarki a cikin tsarin ƙarfe, sarrafa matsa lamba, sarrafa saurin niƙa, sarrafa coil, da dai sauransu a cikin tsarin jujjuyawar ƙarfe, da sauransu. kayan aikin gano daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su a ciki.
A cikin masana'antar wutar lantarki, aikace-aikacen ma'auni da fasaha na sarrafawa sun haɗa da tsarin sarrafa konewa na tukunyar jirgi, saka idanu ta atomatik, kariya ta atomatik, daidaitawa ta atomatik da tsarin sarrafa shirye-shiryen atomatik na injin tururi, da shigar da wutar lantarki da tsarin sarrafa kayan sarrafawa. injin.
A cikin masana'antar kwal, aikace-aikacen ma'auni da fasaha na sarrafawa sun haɗa da: coalbed methane log in equipment in coal mining process, mine air compound detection, mine gas detection, under ground aminci monitoring system, etc., coke quenching process control and gas dawo control in Kwal tace tsari, refining tsarin kula, samar da inji watsa iko, da dai sauransu.
A cikin masana'antar man fetur, aikace-aikacen ma'auni da fasahar sarrafawa sun haɗa da: Magnetic Locator, Mitar abun ciki na ruwa, ma'aunin matsa lamba da sauran kayan aunawa da ke tallafawa fasahar shiga cikin tsarin samar da mai, tsarin samar da wutar lantarki, tsarin samar da ruwa, tsarin samar da tururi, tsarin samar da iskar gas. , Tsarin ajiya da sufuri da tsarin kula da sharar gida guda uku da kayan aikin ganowa don adadi mai yawa a cikin ci gaba da samar da tsari.
A cikin masana'antar sinadarai, aikace-aikacen aunawa da fasaha na sarrafawa sun haɗa da: ma'aunin zafin jiki, ma'aunin kwarara, ma'aunin matakin ruwa, maida hankali, acidity, zafi, yawa, turbidity, ƙimar calorific da abubuwan haɗin gas daban-daban.Kayan aikin sarrafawa waɗanda ke sarrafa sigogin sarrafawa akai-akai, da sauransu.
A cikin masana'antar injin, aikace-aikacen aunawa da fasahar sarrafawa sun haɗa da: daidaitattun kayan aikin injin sarrafa dijital, layin samarwa ta atomatik, robots masana'antu, da sauransu.
A cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya, aikace-aikacen aunawa da fasaha na sarrafawa sun haɗa da: auna ma'auni kamar tsayin jirgin sama, saurin tashi, yanayin jirgin da alkibla, hanzari, wuce gona da iri, da yanayin injin, fasahar abin hawa sararin samaniya, fasahar jirgin sama, da auna sararin samaniya. da fasahar sarrafawa.Jira
A cikin kayan aikin soja, aikace-aikacen aunawa da fasahar sarrafawa sun haɗa da: ingantattun makamai, harsasai na hankali, tsarin ba da umarni na aikin soja (C4IRS System), kayan aikin soja na sararin samaniya (kamar binciken soja daban-daban, sadarwa, faɗakarwa da wuri, tauraron dan adam kewayawa, da dai sauransu). .).

Ƙirƙira da haɓaka Fasahar Aunawa da Sarrafa
Bayanan tarihi na ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha Tarihin fahimtar ɗan adam da canza yanayin yanayi kuma wani muhimmin bangare ne na tarihin wayewar ɗan adam.Ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha da farko ya dogara ne da haɓaka fasahar aunawa.Kimiyyar dabi'a ta zamani tana farawa da aunawa a ma'ana ta gaskiya.Fitattun masana kimiyya da yawa suna mafarkin kasancewa masu ƙirƙira kayan aikin kimiyya da waɗanda suka kafa hanyoyin aunawa.Ci gaban fasahar aunawa kai tsaye yana haifar da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha.
Juyin fasaha na farko
A cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, fasahar aunawa da sarrafawa ta fara fitowa.Wasu masana kimiyyar lissafi a Turai sun fara amfani da karfin halin yanzu da na maganadisu don kera galvanometers masu sauki, kuma suna amfani da lenses na gani don kera na'urorin hangen nesa, ta haka ne suka aza harsashin na'urorin lantarki da na gani.A cikin 1760s, juyin juya halin kimiyya da fasaha na farko ya fara a Burtaniya.Har zuwa karni na 19, juyin juya halin kimiyya da fasaha na farko ya fadada zuwa Turai, Amurka, da Japan.A wannan lokacin, an yi amfani da wasu na'urori masu sauƙi, kamar na'urorin auna tsayi, zafin jiki, matsa lamba, da dai sauransu.A cikin rayuwa, an ƙirƙiri babban aiki.

Juyin fasaha na biyu
Jerin abubuwan da suka faru a fagen fasahar lantarki a farkon karni na 19 sun haifar da juyin fasaha na biyu.Saboda ƙirƙira na'urar don auna halin yanzu, da sauri aka sanya electromagnetism akan hanyar da ta dace, kuma gano ɗaya bayan ɗaya ya girma.Ƙirƙirar da yawa a fannin lantarki, irin su telegraph, tarho, janareta, da dai sauransu, sun taimaka wajen isowar shekarun lantarki.A lokaci guda kuma, wasu kayan kida daban-daban don aunawa da kallo suma suna fitowa, kamar daidaitaccen theodolite na aji na farko da aka yi amfani da shi don auna ɗagawa kafin 1891.

Juyin fasaha na uku
Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, bukatar gaggawar samar da fasahohin zamani a kasashe daban-daban ya sa kaimi ga sauya fasahar kere-kere daga injiniyoyi na gaba daya zuwa na'urorin lantarki da na'ura mai sarrafa kansa, kuma an samu babban ci gaba a cikin binciken ka'idojin kimiyya.
A wannan lokacin, masana'antar kera da samfuran lantarki ke wakilta sun fara haɓaka masana'antu.Halayen yawan samar da samfurori sune ayyukan cyclic da ayyukan gudana.Don yin waɗannan ta atomatik, ana buƙatar ta atomatik gano matsayin aikin aikin yayin matakin kawar da sarrafawa da samarwa., Girma, siffar, matsayi ko aiki, da dai sauransu Don wannan, ana buƙatar babban adadin ma'auni da na'urorin sarrafawa.A gefe guda kuma, haɓakar masana'antar sinadarai tare da man fetur a matsayin ɗanyen abu yana buƙatar adadi mai yawa na aunawa da kayan sarrafawa.An fara daidaita kayan aiki na atomatik, kuma an kafa tsarin sarrafawa ta atomatik akan buƙata.A lokaci guda kuma, an haifi kayan aikin injin CNC da fasahar robot a wannan lokacin, wanda a cikin aunawa da sarrafa fasaha da kayan aiki suna da mahimman aikace-aikace.
Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, kayan aiki ya zama kayan aikin fasaha wanda ba dole ba ne don aunawa, sarrafawa da sarrafa kansa, farawa daga ma'auni mai sauƙi da kallo.Domin biyan buƙatun fannoni daban-daban, kayan aiki sun faɗaɗa daga filayen aikace-aikacen gargajiya zuwa wuraren aikace-aikacen da ba na al'ada ba kamar su biomedicine, muhallin muhalli, da injiniyoyin halittu.
Tun daga karni na 21st, adadi mai yawa na sabbin nasarorin fasaha, kamar sakamakon binciken injin nano-ma'auni, sakamakon binciken sinadarai na zamani na matakin kwayoyin halitta, sakamakon binciken nazarin halittu na matakin kwayoyin halitta, da ingantaccen aiki na musamman bincike kayan aiki. Sakamako da kuma na duniya Sakamakon yaɗawa da aikace-aikacen fasahar sadarwar ya fito ɗaya bayan ɗaya, wanda shine babban sauyi a fannin kayan aiki da haɓaka zuwan sabon zamani na manyan kayan fasaha da fasaha.

Sensors a ma'auni da tsarin sarrafawa
Gabaɗaya aunawa da tsarin sarrafawa sun ƙunshi na'urori masu auna firikwensin, masu juyawa tsaka-tsaki da masu rikodin nuni.Na'urar firikwensin yana ganowa kuma yana canza ƙimar da aka auna ta jiki zuwa ma'aunin da aka auna.Mai juyawa tsaka-tsakin yana yin nazari, aiwatarwa da canza fitarwar firikwensin zuwa sigina wanda kayan aiki na gaba zasu iya karba, kuma ya fitar da shi zuwa wasu tsarin, ko kuma ana auna shi ta mai rikodin nuni.Ana nuna sakamakon kuma ana yin rikodi.
Na'urar firikwensin shine hanyar haɗin farko na tsarin aunawa.Don tsarin sarrafawa, idan an kwatanta kwamfutar da kwakwalwa, to, firikwensin yana daidai da ma'ana guda biyar, wanda kai tsaye yana rinjayar daidaiton tsarin.
Gabaɗaya firikwensin ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu mahimmanci, fayilolin juyawa, da da'irori na juyawa.Ƙimar da aka auna ana jin ta kai tsaye ta hanyar ma'auni mai mahimmanci, kuma canjin wani nau'i mai mahimmanci na kansa yana da dangantaka mai mahimmanci tare da canjin ƙimar da aka auna, kuma wannan siga yana da sauƙin aunawa da fitarwa;sa'an nan kuma fitarwa daga cikin m element ya juya zuwa wani lantarki siga ta hanyar tuba element;A ƙarshe, da'irar jujjuyawar tana haɓaka fitowar sigogin lantarki ta hanyar juzu'in juzu'i kuma ta canza su zuwa siginar lantarki masu amfani waɗanda suka dace don nuni, rikodi, sarrafawa da sarrafawa.
Halin Yanzu da Ci gaban Sabbin Sensors
Fasahar ji tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan fasahar haɓakawa cikin sauri a duniya a yau.Sabuwar firikwensin ba wai kawai yana bin babban madaidaici ba, babban kewayon, babban aminci da ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki, amma kuma yana haɓakawa zuwa haɗin kai, ƙaramin ƙarfi, digitization da hankali.

1. Mai hankali
Hankalin firikwensin yana nufin haɗakar ayyukan na'urori masu auna firikwensin al'ada da ayyukan kwamfutoci ko wasu abubuwan don samar da taro mai zaman kansa, wanda ba wai kawai yana da ayyukan ɗaukar bayanai da canza sigina ba, har ma yana da ikon sarrafa bayanai. , nazarin ramuwa da yanke shawara.

2. Sadarwar Sadarwa
Hanyoyin sadarwa na firikwensin shine don ba da damar firikwensin ya sami aikin haɗin kai tare da hanyar sadarwar kwamfuta, don gane iyawar watsa bayanai na nisa da ikon sarrafawa, wato, gane ma'aunin "over-the-horizon" na ma'auni. da tsarin sarrafawa.

3. Miniaturization
Ƙimar ƙarami na firikwensin yana rage ƙarar firikwensin a ƙarƙashin yanayin cewa aikin ba ya canzawa ko ma haɓakawa.Miniaturization shine buƙatun ma'auni na daidaitaccen zamani da sarrafawa.A ka'ida, ƙarami girman firikwensin, ƙaramin tasiri akan abin da aka auna da muhalli, ƙarancin amfani da makamashi, kuma yana da sauƙi don cimma daidaitaccen ma'auni.

4. Haɗin kai
Haɗin na'urori masu auna firikwensin yana nufin haɗakar hanyoyi biyu masu zuwa:
(1) Haɗuwa da ma'aunin ma'auni da yawa na iya auna sigogi da yawa.
(2) Haɗe-haɗe na ji da kuma da'irori masu zuwa, wato, haɗakar da abubuwa masu mahimmanci, abubuwan da aka canza, da'irori masu juyawa har ma da samar da wutar lantarki akan guntu guda ɗaya, ta yadda yana da babban aiki.

5. Digitization
Ƙimar dijital na firikwensin shine cewa bayanan da firikwensin ya fitar shine adadi na dijital, wanda zai iya gane nisa mai nisa da kuma daidaitaccen watsawa, kuma ana iya haɗa shi da kayan aiki na dijital kamar kwamfuta ba tare da tsaka-tsaki ba.
Haɗin kai, hankali, ƙarami, hanyar sadarwa da digitization na na'urori masu auna firikwensin ba masu zaman kansu ba ne, amma masu haɓakawa da alaƙa, kuma babu takamaiman iyaka a tsakanin su.
Fasahar Sarrafa a cikin Ma'auni da Tsarin Sarrafa

Ka'idar Kulawa ta asali
1. Ka'idar kulawa ta gargajiya
Ka'idar kulawa ta gargajiya ta ƙunshi sassa uku: ka'idar sarrafa madaidaiciya, ka'idar sarrafa samfur, da ka'idar sarrafawa mara tushe.Cybernetics na gargajiya yana ɗaukar canjin Laplace kuma Z ya canza azaman kayan aikin lissafi, kuma yana ɗaukar tsarin tsayayyen tsarin shigarwa-guda-daya-fitarwa a matsayin babban abin bincike.Bambance-bambancen da ke kwatanta tsarin an canza shi zuwa yanki mai rikitarwa ta hanyar canza Laplace ko canza Z, kuma ana samun aikin canja wurin tsarin.Kuma bisa ga aikin canja wuri, hanyar bincike na yanayi da mita, mai da hankali kan nazarin kwanciyar hankali da daidaiton yanayin tsarin kula da martani.

2. Ka'idar Kula da Zamani
Ka'idar sarrafawa ta zamani ita ce ka'idar sarrafawa bisa tsarin sararin samaniya, wanda shine babban bangaren ka'idar sarrafawa ta atomatik.A cikin ka'idar sarrafawa ta zamani, bincike da ƙira na tsarin sarrafawa ana aiwatar da su ne ta hanyar kwatanta masu canjin yanayi na tsarin, kuma ainihin hanyar ita ce hanyar yankin lokaci.Ka'idar sarrafawa ta zamani na iya magance matsalolin sarrafawa da yawa fiye da ka'idar kulawa ta gargajiya, gami da tsarin layi da tsarin da ba na layi ba, tsarin tsayayye da sauye-sauyen lokaci, tsarin mai canzawa guda ɗaya da kuma tsarin sauye-sauye masu yawa.Hanyoyin da algorithms ɗin da yake ɗauka su ma sun fi dacewa da kwamfutocin dijital.Ka'idar sarrafawa ta zamani kuma tana ba da damar ƙira da gina ingantattun tsarin sarrafawa tare da ƙayyadaddun alamun aiki.

Tsarin Gudanarwa
Tsarin sarrafawa ya ƙunshi na'urori masu sarrafawa (ciki har da masu sarrafawa, masu kunnawa da na'urori masu auna firikwensin) da abubuwa masu sarrafawa.Na'urar sarrafawa na iya zama mutum ko na'ura, wanda shine bambanci tsakanin sarrafawa ta atomatik da sarrafawa ta hannu.Don tsarin sarrafawa ta atomatik, bisa ga ka'idodin sarrafawa daban-daban, ana iya raba shi zuwa tsarin kula da madauki da tsarin kula da tsarin rufewa;bisa ga rarrabuwa na siginar da aka ba, ana iya raba shi zuwa tsarin kula da ƙima akai-akai, tsarin kulawa da bin diddigi da tsarin sarrafa shirye-shirye.

Fasaha kayan aiki na zahiri
Na'urar aunawa wani muhimmin sashi ne na tsarin aunawa da sarrafawa, wanda ya kasu kashi biyu: kayan aiki mai zaman kansa da kayan aikin kama-da-wane.
Kayan aiki mai zaman kansa yana tattarawa, aiwatarwa, da fitar da siginar kayan aiki a cikin chassis mai zaman kansa, yana da kwamiti na aiki da tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban, kuma duk ayyuka suna wanzu a cikin nau'ikan kayan aiki ko firmware, wanda ke ƙayyade cewa kayan aikin mai zaman kansa za'a iya siffanta shi ta hanyar kawai. masana'anta., lasisi, wanda mai amfani ba zai iya canzawa ba.
Kayan aiki na zahiri yana kammala bincike da sarrafa siginar, bayyanawa da fitar da sakamakon a kan kwamfutar, ko sanya katin sayan bayanai akan kwamfutar, sannan ya cire sassa uku na kayan aikin akan kwamfutar, wanda ke karya ta hanyar gargajiya. kayan aiki.iyakance.

Fasalolin Fasaha na Kayan Aikin Kaya
1. Ayyuka masu ƙarfi, haɗaɗɗen tallafin kayan aiki mai ƙarfi na kwamfutoci, ƙetare iyakokin kayan aikin gargajiya a cikin sarrafawa, nunawa da adanawa.Daidaitaccen daidaitaccen tsari shine: na'ura mai aiki mai girma, nuni mai girma, babban faifai mai ƙarfi.
2. Abubuwan software na kwamfuta suna gane software na wasu kayan aikin injin, adana kayan aiki, da haɓaka sassaucin tsarin;ta hanyar algorithms masu daidaitattun ƙididdiga, ƙididdiga daban-daban da sarrafa bayanan gwaji za a iya yin su kai tsaye a ainihin lokacin;ta hanyar GUI (mai duba mai amfani da hoto) fasaha don samun nasarar haɗin gwiwar abokantaka da kuma hulɗar ɗan adam-kwamfuta.
3. Idan aka yi la'akari da motar bas ɗin kwamfuta da motar kayan aiki na yau da kullun, kayan aikin an daidaita su kuma an daidaita su, wanda ke rage girman tsarin sosai tare da sauƙaƙe gina kayan aikin zamani.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin kayan aikin kama-da-wane
Kayan aiki na zahiri ya ƙunshi na'urorin hardware da musaya, software direban na'ura da panel kayan aikin kama-da-wane.Daga cikin su, na'urorin hardware da musaya na iya zama daban-daban na PC-tushen ginannen katunan ayyuka, Universal interface bas interface cards, serial ports, VXI bas kayan musaya, da dai sauransu, ko wasu daban-daban shirye-shirye na waje gwajin kayan aiki, The na'urar direba software ne. wani shirin direba wanda kai tsaye sarrafa daban-daban hardware musaya.Kayan aikin kama-da-wane yana sadarwa tare da tsarin kayan aiki na gaske ta hanyar software na direban na'urar da ke ƙasa, kuma yana nuna abubuwan da suka dace na rukunin kayan aikin na ainihi akan allon kwamfuta a cikin nau'i na kayan aikin kama-da-wane.Daban-daban sarrafawa.Mai amfani yana aiki da panel na kayan aikin kama-da-wane tare da linzamin kwamfuta a matsayin ainihin kuma dacewa kamar yadda yake aiki da ainihin kayan aiki.
Fasahar aunawa da sarrafawa da manyan kayan aiki al'ada ce kuma cike da ci gaba.An ce ta gargajiya ce domin tana da dadadden asali, ta samu ci gaba na shekaru aru-aru, kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban zamantakewa.A matsayin babban al'ada, ya ƙunshi fannoni da yawa a lokaci guda, wanda ya sa har yanzu yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.
Tare da ci gaba da haɓaka fasahar aunawa da sarrafawa ta zamani, fasahar sadarwa ta lantarki da fasahar kwamfuta, ta samar da wata sabuwar dama ta kirkire-kirkire da bunƙasa, wanda ba shakka zai samar da ƙarin ayyuka masu mahimmanci a fannoni daban-daban.